Part II---chapter 7

7. Issues of Phonological Complexity: Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Syllable Structures, Segment Inventories, and Tone Contrasts / Ian Maddieson

7.1 Introduction & 7.2 Language Sample and Data
1. The use of a large phonological database to test hypotheses about cross-language pattern
2. The development of the hypothesis
3. The humanistic principle that languages are equal in serving communicative demands
4. Principle of equal complexity
5. Languages will undergo adjustments to equalize their overall complexity across different subsystems rejectted by the comparisons conducted in this research
6. Historical processes
7. Processing considerations
8. The properties to be examined
9. The complexity of the maximal syllable structure the language permits
10. The complexity of the tone system
11. The consonant inventory size
12. The vowel-quality inventory size
13. The total vowel-inventory size


7.3 Relationships between variables
1. The basis of comparison:
- When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
2. The purpose:
- to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
- to see if a compensatory relationship exists
- to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
3. Figure 7.1 the relationship between syllable structure complexity the size of the consonant inventory
4. Analysis variance shows a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size all pair wise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
5. A correlation:
- an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
6. There is no systematic relationship:
- the number of vowel qualities
- the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
7. The final comparison:
- the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
8. Tone system:
- tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.


7.4 Summary and Discussion of Results
1. in the first three comparison syllable structure is compared with the segment inventory variables
2. Two measures of vowel inventory shows a systematic relationship with syllable complexity.
3. Posthoc comparisons show that only the comparison between none and complex reaches significance
4. The final comparison is between the two categories variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure and tone system

Part II.---Chapter 6

Part II. Phonological Universals

6. Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production / Didier Demolin

6.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals
2. Methods of experimentation
3. Observing the relation between (f0) and (Ps) Understanding universals
4. New results on the relationship between Ps and f0 in vowels, consonants, sentences

6.2 PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS
1. What are phonological universals
2. Concepts of regulation and control
3. Regulation
4. Homeostatic
5. epigenetic
6. Control
7. Articulatory control

6.3 Experimental methodology in phonology
1. Role of paradigms to explain phonological phenomena
2. Base of explanation
3. Value of experiments
4. Experimental observations
5. The feature HSAP has no empirical support

6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0

6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method

6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity

6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject: used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject:tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations

6.4.3.3 sentences
1. Research goal: to investigate the relationship between f0 and Ps
2. Research subjects: two males
3. Research method: sentences reading with no instructions about speed and loudness.
4. Sentence types: declarative, statements, yes-no questions, sentence with complete or incomplete information.
5. Research findings: it was never possible to establish a clear correlation between f0 and Ps.

6.4.3.4 the effects of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
1. Research goal: to investigate the effect of changes in intensity and Ps on the f0 of sentences.
2. Research subjects: VL♀ and DD♂
3. Research method: produce 14 sentences at 3 level of intensity with no other instructions.
4. Research findings:f0 declination does not entirely correspond to declining Ps
5. Ps and Intensity seemto be correlated.

6.5~6.6 Discussion and conclusion
The relation between Ps & F0Experimental data showsPs & F0 are not well correlatedChanges of the glottis and of the vocal tractControl of Ps & F0By Laryngeal musculatureHigh level of Ps, f0 is elevatedRequirementProduce trills depend on the aerodynamic conditionsNecessityBuilding physiological models for consonants and for intonationStudies like, LiebermanLadeforgedCollierMaedaStrik and Boves

Chapter 6 --- 6.4~6.4.3.2

6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena

6.4.1 Overview

1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.

2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0


6.4.2 Experimental procedure

1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation

2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method


6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0

6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels

Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels

Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity


6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills

Result:
1. male subject
- used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant

2. female subject
- tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations