Russian Formalism

Russian Formalism

1. Russian formalism was an influential school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s.

2. It includes the work of a number of highly influential Jewish Russian and Soviet scholars such as Viktor Shklovsky, Yuri Tynianov, Boris Eichenbaum, Roman Jakobson, Grigory Vinokur who revolutionised literary criticism between 1914 and the 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature.

3. Russian formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like Mikhail Bakhtin and Juri Lotman, and on structuralism as a whole. The movement's members had a relevant influence on modern literary criticism, as it developed in the structuralist and post-structuralist periods. Under Stalin it became a pejorative term for elitist art.

4. "Russian Formalism" describes two distinct movements: the OPOJAZ Obscestvo Izucenija Poeticeskogo Jazyka - Society for the Study of Poetic Language in St. Petersburg and the Linguistic Circle in Moscow.

5. It is more precise to refer to the "Russian Formalists", rather than to use the more encompassing and abstract term of "Formalism". The term "formalism" was first used by the adversaries of the movement, and as such it conveys a meaning explicitly rejected by the Formalists themselves. In the words of one of the foremost Formalists, Boris Eichenbaum: "It is difficult to recall who coined this name, but it was not a very felicitous coinage. It might have been convenient as a simplified battle cry but it fails, as an objective term, to delimit the activities of the "Society for the Study of Poetic Language."

Related areas:

1. Mechanistic Formalism

2. Organic Formalism

3. Systemic Formalism

4. Linguistic Formalism

資料來源: Wikipedia

Edward Gordon Craig (1872-1966)

Edward Gordon Craig

(1872-1966)

1. Edward Gordon Craig (16 January 1872 – 29 July 1966), sometimes known as Gordon Craig.

2. A English modernist theatre practitioner; he worked as an actor, producer, director and scenic designer, as well as developing an influential body of theoretical writings.

3. As a producter, director and senic disigner, Graig's style is to keep the designs simple so as to set off the movements of the actors and of light, and introduced the idea of a "unified stage picture" that covered all the elements of design.

3. Lev Vygotsky was fascinated by the innovative interpretation of Hamlet produced in Moscow by Gordon Graig.

資料來源: Wikipedia 圖片來源: Wikipedia

Vygotsky's Work (1930)

Vygotsky's Work (1930)

“The Biological Base of Affect.” I Want to Know Everything, 1930, nos. 15-16, pp. 480-481.

Foreword to materials collected by workers of the Institute of Scientific Education, April 13, 1930. Archives of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, USSR, fol. 4, vol. I, no. 103, pp. 81-82.

“Is It Possible to Simulate Extraordinary Memory?” I Want to Know Everything, 1930, no. 24, pp. 700-703.

“Imagination and Creativity in Childhood.” Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky. Manuscript.

Problems of Defectology, VI. L. S. Vygotsky, ed. 1930. (With D. I. Asbukhin and L. V. Zankov.)

Foreword to The Essay of Spiritual Development of the Child by K. Buhler. Moscow: The Worker of Education Publishing House, 1930.

“Extraordinary Memory.” I Want to Know Everything, 1930, no. 19, pp. 553-554.

“The Question of Speech Development and Education of the Deaf-Mute Child. Report to the Second National Conference of School Workers. Archives of the Institute of Defectology, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, USSR. Manuscript, 2 pp.”

“The Problem of the Development of Interests in Adolescence.” Education of Workers, 1930, nos. 7-8, pp. 63-81.

“The Cultural Development of Abnormal and Retarded Children.” Report to the First Meeting for Investigation of Human Behavior, Moscow, Feb. 1, 1930. In Psychological Sciences in the USSR, pp. 195-196. Moscow-Leningrad: Medgiz, 1930.

“New Developments in Psychological Research.” Report to the Third National Meeting of Child Care, May 1930. The Internat, 1930, no. 7, pp. 22-27.

“Psychological Systems.” Report to the Neurology Clinic of the First Moscow State University, Oct. 9, 1930. Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky. Stenography.

“Tool and Sign.” Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky. Manuscript.

“The Behavior of Man and Animals.” Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky, 1929-1930. Manuscript.

“The Connection between Labor Activity and the Intellectual Development of the Child.” Pedology, 1930, nos. 5-6, pp. 588-596.

“The Behavior of Man and Animals.” Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky, 1929-1930. Manuscript.

Foreword to Teachers’ Guide to the Investigation of the Educational Process by B. R. Bekingem. Moscow: The Worker of Education Publishing House, 1930.

Foreword to Investigation of the Intellect of Anthropoids by W. Köhler. Moscow: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, 1930.

“The Problem of the Higher Intellectual Functions in the System of Psychological Investigation” Psychology and Psychophysiology of Labor, vol. 3 (1930), no. 5, pp. 374-384.

“The Mind, Consciousness, Unconsciousness.” In Elements of General Psychology, 4th ed., pp. 48-61. Moscow: Extension Division of the Second Moscow State University, 1930.

“The Development of the Highest Patterns of Behavior in Childhood.” Report to the First Meeting of Human Behavior, Jan. 28, 1930. In Psychoneurological Sciences in the USSR, pp. 138-139. Moscow-Leningrad: Medgiz, 1930.

“The Development of Consciousness in Childhood.” Private archives of L. S. Vygotsky. Stenography.

“Sleep and Dreams.” In Elements of General Psychology, pp. 62-75. Moscow: Extension Division of the Second Moscow State University, 1930.

“The Communist Reconstruction of Man.” Varnitso, 1930, nos. 9-10, pp. 36-44.

“Structural Psychology.”In Main Trends in Contemporary psychology by L. S. Vygotsky and S. Gellershtein, pp. 84-125. Moscow-Leningrad: Government Publishing House, 1930.

“Eidetics.” In Main Treads in Contemporary Psychology by L. S. Vygotsky and S. Gellershtein, pp. 178-205. Moscow-Leningrad: Government Publishing House, 1930.

“Experimental Investigation of the Highest Processes of Behavior.” Report to the First Meeting for Studying Human Behavior, Jan. 28, 1930. In Psychoneurological Sciences in the USSR. Moscow-Leningrad: Medgiz, 1930.