7. Issues of Phonological Complexity: Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Syllable Structures, Segment Inventories, and Tone Contrasts / Ian Maddieson
7.1 Introduction & 7.2 Language Sample and Data
1. The use of a large phonological database to test hypotheses about cross-language pattern
2. The development of the hypothesis
3. The humanistic principle that languages are equal in serving communicative demands
4. Principle of equal complexity
5. Languages will undergo adjustments to equalize their overall complexity across different subsystems rejectted by the comparisons conducted in this research
6. Historical processes
7. Processing considerations
8. The properties to be examined
9. The complexity of the maximal syllable structure the language permits
10. The complexity of the tone system
11. The consonant inventory size
12. The vowel-quality inventory size
13. The total vowel-inventory size
7.3 Relationships between variables
1. The basis of comparison:
- When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
2. The purpose:
- to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
- to see if a compensatory relationship exists
- to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
3. Figure 7.1 the relationship between syllable structure complexity the size of the consonant inventory
4. Analysis variance shows a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size all pair wise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
5. A correlation:
- an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
6. There is no systematic relationship:
- the number of vowel qualities
- the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
7. The final comparison:
- the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
8. Tone system:
- tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.
7.4 Summary and Discussion of Results
1. in the first three comparison syllable structure is compared with the segment inventory variables
2. Two measures of vowel inventory shows a systematic relationship with syllable complexity.
3. Posthoc comparisons show that only the comparison between none and complex reaches significance
4. The final comparison is between the two categories variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure and tone system
2008年6月22日 星期日
Part II.---Chapter 6
Part II. Phonological Universals
6. Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production / Didier Demolin
6.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals
2. Methods of experimentation
3. Observing the relation between (f0) and (Ps) Understanding universals
4. New results on the relationship between Ps and f0 in vowels, consonants, sentences
6.2 PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS
1. What are phonological universals
2. Concepts of regulation and control
3. Regulation
4. Homeostatic
5. epigenetic
6. Control
7. Articulatory control
6.3 Experimental methodology in phonology
1. Role of paradigms to explain phonological phenomena
2. Base of explanation
3. Value of experiments
4. Experimental observations
5. The feature HSAP has no empirical support
6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method
6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity
6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject: used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject:tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations
6.4.3.3 sentences
1. Research goal: to investigate the relationship between f0 and Ps
2. Research subjects: two males
3. Research method: sentences reading with no instructions about speed and loudness.
4. Sentence types: declarative, statements, yes-no questions, sentence with complete or incomplete information.
5. Research findings: it was never possible to establish a clear correlation between f0 and Ps.
6.4.3.4 the effects of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
1. Research goal: to investigate the effect of changes in intensity and Ps on the f0 of sentences.
2. Research subjects: VL♀ and DD♂
3. Research method: produce 14 sentences at 3 level of intensity with no other instructions.
4. Research findings:f0 declination does not entirely correspond to declining Ps
5. Ps and Intensity seemto be correlated.
6.5~6.6 Discussion and conclusion
The relation between Ps & F0Experimental data showsPs & F0 are not well correlatedChanges of the glottis and of the vocal tractControl of Ps & F0By Laryngeal musculatureHigh level of Ps, f0 is elevatedRequirementProduce trills depend on the aerodynamic conditionsNecessityBuilding physiological models for consonants and for intonationStudies like, LiebermanLadeforgedCollierMaedaStrik and Boves
6. Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production / Didier Demolin
6.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals
2. Methods of experimentation
3. Observing the relation between (f0) and (Ps) Understanding universals
4. New results on the relationship between Ps and f0 in vowels, consonants, sentences
6.2 PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS
1. What are phonological universals
2. Concepts of regulation and control
3. Regulation
4. Homeostatic
5. epigenetic
6. Control
7. Articulatory control
6.3 Experimental methodology in phonology
1. Role of paradigms to explain phonological phenomena
2. Base of explanation
3. Value of experiments
4. Experimental observations
5. The feature HSAP has no empirical support
6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method
6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity
6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject: used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject:tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations
6.4.3.3 sentences
1. Research goal: to investigate the relationship between f0 and Ps
2. Research subjects: two males
3. Research method: sentences reading with no instructions about speed and loudness.
4. Sentence types: declarative, statements, yes-no questions, sentence with complete or incomplete information.
5. Research findings: it was never possible to establish a clear correlation between f0 and Ps.
6.4.3.4 the effects of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
1. Research goal: to investigate the effect of changes in intensity and Ps on the f0 of sentences.
2. Research subjects: VL♀ and DD♂
3. Research method: produce 14 sentences at 3 level of intensity with no other instructions.
4. Research findings:f0 declination does not entirely correspond to declining Ps
5. Ps and Intensity seemto be correlated.
6.5~6.6 Discussion and conclusion
The relation between Ps & F0Experimental data showsPs & F0 are not well correlatedChanges of the glottis and of the vocal tractControl of Ps & F0By Laryngeal musculatureHigh level of Ps, f0 is elevatedRequirementProduce trills depend on the aerodynamic conditionsNecessityBuilding physiological models for consonants and for intonationStudies like, LiebermanLadeforgedCollierMaedaStrik and Boves
Chapter 6 --- 6.4~6.4.3.2
6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method
6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity
6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject
- used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject
- tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method
6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity
6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject
- used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject
- tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations
2008年6月21日 星期六
Chapter 9---9.2.2~9.2.2.3
9.2.2 Testing perception of co-variation
Hypothese 1:
- listeners formulate equivalence categories in which the two sites of a lowered velum, N and V(nasal), are perceptually equivalent
Hypothese 2:
the range of variants of V(nasal) and N that listeners treat as perceptually equivaletn will differ depending on the voicing of the coda consonant
9.2.2.1 Methodological approach
1. co-varying acoustic properties
- trading with each other is taken as evidence of th ecoherence among parts of the acoustic signal that belong together
2. wavefrom-edeiting techniques
(bed, bend, bet, bent)
-three groups of pairs
a. N-only pair: /n/ duration was the only difference between pair members
b. cooperating paris: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had less vowel nasalization than did the stimulus with the longer /n/
c. conflicting pairs: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had more vowel nasalization than did the on with hte longer /n/
9.2.2.2 predictions
1. conflicting pairs, despite large acoustic differences between pair members, should be difficult to dscriminate--possibly more difficult than the acoustically less distinct N-only pairs
2. cooperating pairs, whose member have large acoustic differences and alrge differences in total nasalization, should be correctly judged as different
3. the expected influence of coda voicing is that the perceptual judgments of listeners will broadly reflect the distribution of V(nasal)N measures found for th eproduction of VNC(voiced) and VNC(voiceless) words, such that vowerl nasalization will have a greater influence on judgments in the voiceless than in the voiced context.
9.2.2.3 Results
(expected)
1. discrimination was most accurate for coopearating pairs, whose members differd substantially in total nasalization across the V(nasal)N sequence
(unexpected)
2. listeners also showed the expected greater sensitvity to vowel nasalization in the [t] than in athe [d] context
3. listeners who consistently discriminated the conflicting trials more poorly tha n the acoustically less distinfct N-only trials, and listeners whose overall accuracy on conflincting trials was similar to that on cooperating trials.
4. nasa murmurs are more likely to be detected when followed by silence (the voiceless closure) than when followed by glottal pulsing (the voiced closure)
5. Diffierent listeners have diffierent levels of respondence to the simuli
Hypothese 1:
- listeners formulate equivalence categories in which the two sites of a lowered velum, N and V(nasal), are perceptually equivalent
Hypothese 2:
the range of variants of V(nasal) and N that listeners treat as perceptually equivaletn will differ depending on the voicing of the coda consonant
9.2.2.1 Methodological approach
1. co-varying acoustic properties
- trading with each other is taken as evidence of th ecoherence among parts of the acoustic signal that belong together
2. wavefrom-edeiting techniques
(bed, bend, bet, bent)
-three groups of pairs
a. N-only pair: /n/ duration was the only difference between pair members
b. cooperating paris: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had less vowel nasalization than did the stimulus with the longer /n/
c. conflicting pairs: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had more vowel nasalization than did the on with hte longer /n/
9.2.2.2 predictions
1. conflicting pairs, despite large acoustic differences between pair members, should be difficult to dscriminate--possibly more difficult than the acoustically less distinct N-only pairs
2. cooperating pairs, whose member have large acoustic differences and alrge differences in total nasalization, should be correctly judged as different
3. the expected influence of coda voicing is that the perceptual judgments of listeners will broadly reflect the distribution of V(nasal)N measures found for th eproduction of VNC(voiced) and VNC(voiceless) words, such that vowerl nasalization will have a greater influence on judgments in the voiceless than in the voiced context.
9.2.2.3 Results
(expected)
1. discrimination was most accurate for coopearating pairs, whose members differd substantially in total nasalization across the V(nasal)N sequence
(unexpected)
2. listeners also showed the expected greater sensitvity to vowel nasalization in the [t] than in athe [d] context
3. listeners who consistently discriminated the conflicting trials more poorly tha n the acoustically less distinfct N-only trials, and listeners whose overall accuracy on conflincting trials was similar to that on cooperating trials.
4. nasa murmurs are more likely to be detected when followed by silence (the voiceless closure) than when followed by glottal pulsing (the voiced closure)
5. Diffierent listeners have diffierent levels of respondence to the simuli
Chapter14---14.3.3.2~14.5
14.3.3.2 Prosodic effects on iceberg invariance
1. syllable magnitude (excursion)
- In order to remove this prosodic effect on movement speed, we need to measure the excursion as reflection of syllable magnigude.
- The effect of increased syllable magnitude may be observed mainly by the shift in time of the elemental gesture, away from the syllable center, without affecting the speed.
2. following boundary magnitude
- This effect is interpretable in a simple way if the effect of phrase-final lengthening due to the boundary is simply adjustment of the time scale toward the end of the phrase and the excursion magnitude is significantly affected by boundary magnitude only due to coarticulartory undershooting.
14.3.3.3 Segmentation for syllable duration and articulatory gap measurement
1. preformed by the program "ubedit"
- ubedit displays the articulatory trackings from the x-ray microbeam data and aligns them with the corespoding waveform and spectrogram.
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Relation of speed with articulatory syllable duration
1. scatterplots of the speed vs. articulatory ayllable duration in initial and final demisyllables
- The speed of the lower lip movement at the ice berg threshold was considered separately for the initial and final demisyllables in the word "five".
- slower speed for emphasized syllables in phrase-final position
- the latter syllables seem to have a relatively small syllable magnitude while being affected by final leanthening.
14.4.2 Relation of speed with aritculatory gap duration
1. The scatterplots indicate a weak negetive correlation of threshold crossing speed and gap duraion, showing longer gaps after all final digits.
14.4.3 Correlations of excursion, syllable duration, and boundary strength with speed
1. high percentages
- are accounted for by its linear relationship with the predictor variables in this syllable position.
2. lower percentages
- are accounted for by the same linear combination of predictors in fianl demisyllables
3. excusion in the present data appears to be the greater contributor to the prediction of speed for all speakers
14.5 Discussion
1. The results show evidence for speaker-specific treatment of the prosodic parameters of syllable duraion and boundary strength, in relation to implemetation of the velocity patterns of crucial articulator movements, both in initical and fianl demisyllables.
2. The clear relation between speed and excursion, shown by the cosistent significant influence of excursion on velocity of the movement at iceberg threshold crossing.
3. Overall prosodic rhythmic structure of the utterance has to be taken into account in predictin duraion, timing, and excursion of consonantal gestreus within the syllable.
4. Excursion reflects strong nonlinear effects of the speech-singal generating mechanism such as xonsonantal gesture saturation, while syllable duraiotn is less affected by such peripheral effects.
1. syllable magnitude (excursion)
- In order to remove this prosodic effect on movement speed, we need to measure the excursion as reflection of syllable magnigude.
- The effect of increased syllable magnitude may be observed mainly by the shift in time of the elemental gesture, away from the syllable center, without affecting the speed.
2. following boundary magnitude
- This effect is interpretable in a simple way if the effect of phrase-final lengthening due to the boundary is simply adjustment of the time scale toward the end of the phrase and the excursion magnitude is significantly affected by boundary magnitude only due to coarticulartory undershooting.
14.3.3.3 Segmentation for syllable duration and articulatory gap measurement
1. preformed by the program "ubedit"
- ubedit displays the articulatory trackings from the x-ray microbeam data and aligns them with the corespoding waveform and spectrogram.
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Relation of speed with articulatory syllable duration
1. scatterplots of the speed vs. articulatory ayllable duration in initial and final demisyllables
- The speed of the lower lip movement at the ice berg threshold was considered separately for the initial and final demisyllables in the word "five".
- slower speed for emphasized syllables in phrase-final position
- the latter syllables seem to have a relatively small syllable magnitude while being affected by final leanthening.
14.4.2 Relation of speed with aritculatory gap duration
1. The scatterplots indicate a weak negetive correlation of threshold crossing speed and gap duraion, showing longer gaps after all final digits.
14.4.3 Correlations of excursion, syllable duration, and boundary strength with speed
1. high percentages
- are accounted for by its linear relationship with the predictor variables in this syllable position.
2. lower percentages
- are accounted for by the same linear combination of predictors in fianl demisyllables
3. excusion in the present data appears to be the greater contributor to the prediction of speed for all speakers
14.5 Discussion
1. The results show evidence for speaker-specific treatment of the prosodic parameters of syllable duraion and boundary strength, in relation to implemetation of the velocity patterns of crucial articulator movements, both in initical and fianl demisyllables.
2. The clear relation between speed and excursion, shown by the cosistent significant influence of excursion on velocity of the movement at iceberg threshold crossing.
3. Overall prosodic rhythmic structure of the utterance has to be taken into account in predictin duraion, timing, and excursion of consonantal gestreus within the syllable.
4. Excursion reflects strong nonlinear effects of the speech-singal generating mechanism such as xonsonantal gesture saturation, while syllable duraiotn is less affected by such peripheral effects.
2008年6月19日 星期四
Chapter 19---19.3 Some Experimetal Paradigms
19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean
19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean
1. Forced-chioce version of the word-blending task:
- English speakers: perferred onset-rime blends
(e.g. SIEVE + FUZZ = SUZZ)
- Korean speakers: perferred body-coda blends
(e.g. THONG + SEM = THOM)
2. Oral unit reduplication exercise:
- English speakers: were better at the rime-copying task
(Task #1: SAN-AN)
- Korean speakers: were better at the body-copying task
(Task #2: SA-SAN)
19.3.2 Global sound-similarity judgments in English and Korean
1. Global sound similarity judgments (SSJs):
- Korean speakers: a shared initial CV that enhanced judged sound similarity ratings, while a shared fianl rime contributed no more to the similarity scores than a shared intial and final cosonant.
- English speakers: the opposite to Korean speakers
19.3.3 Concept formation in Korean
1. Formation concept:
- Korean speakers: a set of disyllabic words containing the common body sequence KA- as part of either syllable (KANG.CO / SIM.KAK) were significantly easier to identify a s a class than a set containing the common rime sequence -AK in either syllable (CAK.SIM / SIM.KAK).
- English speakers: have not been tested yet
19.3.4 A new list-recall task for non-literate participants:
1.List recall task:
- English participants: both readers and non-readers, were able to remember more names from the rime-sharing lists than from the body-sharing ones.
- Korean participants: the readers and ono-readers performed in much the same way as English parcitipants.
19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean
1. Forced-chioce version of the word-blending task:
- English speakers: perferred onset-rime blends
(e.g. SIEVE + FUZZ = SUZZ)
- Korean speakers: perferred body-coda blends
(e.g. THONG + SEM = THOM)
2. Oral unit reduplication exercise:
- English speakers: were better at the rime-copying task
(Task #1: SAN-AN)
- Korean speakers: were better at the body-copying task
(Task #2: SA-SAN)
19.3.2 Global sound-similarity judgments in English and Korean
1. Global sound similarity judgments (SSJs):
- Korean speakers: a shared initial CV that enhanced judged sound similarity ratings, while a shared fianl rime contributed no more to the similarity scores than a shared intial and final cosonant.
- English speakers: the opposite to Korean speakers
19.3.3 Concept formation in Korean
1. Formation concept:
- Korean speakers: a set of disyllabic words containing the common body sequence KA- as part of either syllable (KANG.CO / SIM.KAK) were significantly easier to identify a s a class than a set containing the common rime sequence -AK in either syllable (CAK.SIM / SIM.KAK).
- English speakers: have not been tested yet
19.3.4 A new list-recall task for non-literate participants:
1.List recall task:
- English participants: both readers and non-readers, were able to remember more names from the rime-sharing lists than from the body-sharing ones.
- Korean participants: the readers and ono-readers performed in much the same way as English parcitipants.
2008年6月5日 星期四
Attribute Value Phonology
Related Attribute Value Phonology articles
1. Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird, John Coleman, Janet Pierrehumbert, James Scobbie
2. Key Aspects of Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird / University of Edinburgh
By John Coleman / University of Oxford
By James Scobbie / Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh
3. On two types of underspecification: Towards a feature theory shared by syntax and phonology
By Johan Rooryck
1. Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird, John Coleman, Janet Pierrehumbert, James Scobbie
2. Key Aspects of Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird / University of Edinburgh
By John Coleman / University of Oxford
By James Scobbie / Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh
3. On two types of underspecification: Towards a feature theory shared by syntax and phonology
By Johan Rooryck
Partical Phonology
Related Partical Phonology articles
1. Government Phonology
2. On the Structure of /IU/ and /UI/ in sixian Hakka
By Hui-chuan Hsu- National Chial-Tung University
3. Phonology and syntax: a shifting relationship
By Ricardo Bermudez-Otero / University of Newcastle, UK
By Patrick Honeybone / University of Edinbugh
1. Government Phonology
2. On the Structure of /IU/ and /UI/ in sixian Hakka
By Hui-chuan Hsu- National Chial-Tung University
3. Phonology and syntax: a shifting relationship
By Ricardo Bermudez-Otero / University of Newcastle, UK
By Patrick Honeybone / University of Edinbugh
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