James Burnet, Lord Monboddo (1714-1799)

James Burnet, Lord Monboddo (1714-1799)

• Life

James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (October 25, 1714 - May 26, 1799) was a Scottish judge, scholar of language evolution and philosopher. He is most famous today as a founder of modern comparative historical linguistics (Hobbs,1992). In 1767 he became a judge in the Court of Session. Thence Burnett adopted a title based on his father's estate, Monboddo House. Monboddo was one of a number of scholars involved at the time in development of early concepts of evolution, and some credit him with anticipating in principle the idea of natural selection that was developed into a scientific theory by Charles Darwin (Watt, 1985), (Bailey, 2005), (Cloyd, 1972)

• Publications related to language

1. The Origin and Progress of Man and Language (6 volumes, 1773-1792)
2. Antient Metaphysics (6 volumes, 1779 - 1799)

圖片來源: Monbodo
資料來源: Wikipedia
相關連結: Monboddo Monboddo-1

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)

姓名：讓-雅克·盧梭Jean-Jacques Rousseau
出生：1712年6月28日瑞士日內瓦
逝世：1778年7月2日 （66歲）法國阿蒙農維拉
學派/流派：社會契約論
主要領域：政治哲學、音樂、教育、文學
著名思想：公共意志、自尊、性本善
受影響於：霍布斯、洛克、狄德羅、孟德斯鳩
施影響於：康德、費希特、黑格爾、浪漫主義運動、潘恩、孔德、恩格斯

圖片來源: Rouseau

資料來源:Wikipedia

相關連結: Rousseau Rousseau-1 Rousseau-2

Charles de Brosses ( 1709-1777)

Charles de Brosses ( 1709-1777)

• Life

He was president of the parliament of his hometown, Dijon, from 1741, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of Paris (from 1746), and of the Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon (from 1761). He was a close friend of Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, the naturalist who wrote the Histoire naturelle, and a personal enemy of Voltaire, the famous philosopher, who barred his entry in the Académie française in 1770. Because he opposed the absolute power of the king, he was exiled twice, in 1744 and 1771. During his life, he wrote numerous academic papers on topics concerning ancient history, philology and linguistics, some of which were used by Diderot and D'Alembert in the Encyclopédie (1751-1765)

• Works related to language

1. Lettres sur l'état actuel de la ville souterraine d'Herculée et sur les causes de son ensevelissement sous les ruines du Vésuve (1750). This contains a list of archeological discoveries from the excavation of Herculaneum, including some ancient inscriptions in the Oscan language.

2. Traité de la formation méchanique des langues et des principes physiques de l'étymologie (1765). This provides a materialistic theory of the origin and the evolution of language, where the meaning of words is considered as an image of the physiological articulation of sounds (see Sound Symbolism). It had an influence on Condillac's Grammaire (1775) and a very important role in the birth of a scientific conception of language.

圖片來源: de Brosses

資料來源: Widipedia

相關連結: de Brosses

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)

Joseph Priestley(1733-1804)

1. 生於英國利茲，1794年移居美國賓夕法尼亞州，但是沒有加入美國國籍。

2. 英國化學家、牧師、教育家。

3. 最主要的貢獻是對氣體特別是氧氣的早期研究。

4. 1774年，他寫了一部名為《幾種氣體的實驗和觀察》(Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air)的三卷本的書，于1777年出版。

5. 在這部書里他首次詳細敘述了氧氣的各種性質，但他是從燃素說的角度出發對氧氣進行研究的，稱它為「脫燃素氣體」（dephlogisticated air。

6. 1762年, 發表"Lectures on the Theory of Language and Universal Grammar"

圖片來源: Priestley

資料來源: Wikipedia

相關連結: Priestley Priestley-1 Priestley-2

Part II---chapter 7

7. Issues of Phonological Complexity: Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Syllable Structures, Segment Inventories, and Tone Contrasts / Ian Maddieson

7.1 Introduction & 7.2 Language Sample and Data
1. The use of a large phonological database to test hypotheses about cross-language pattern
2. The development of the hypothesis
3. The humanistic principle that languages are equal in serving communicative demands
4. Principle of equal complexity
5. Languages will undergo adjustments to equalize their overall complexity across different subsystems rejectted by the comparisons conducted in this research
6. Historical processes
7. Processing considerations
8. The properties to be examined
9. The complexity of the maximal syllable structure the language permits
10. The complexity of the tone system
11. The consonant inventory size
12. The vowel-quality inventory size
13. The total vowel-inventory size


7.3 Relationships between variables
1. The basis of comparison:
- When a categorical and a numerical variable are compared, the means of the numerical variable in each category form the basis of comparison
2. The purpose:
- to see if greater complexity on the two variables tends to co-occur
- to see if a compensatory relationship exists
- to if there is no overall trend of either kind.
3. Figure 7.1 the relationship between syllable structure complexity the size of the consonant inventory
4. Analysis variance shows a highly significant effect of syllable category on consonant inventory size all pair wise comparisons are highly significant in a post-hoc comparison
5. A correlation:
- an increase in tone vowel inventory size
the presence of a tone system
6. There is no systematic relationship:
- the number of vowel qualities
- the number of consonants in the inventories of the languages
7. The final comparison:
- the two categorical variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure
8. Tone system:
- tone system complexity does not associate with the complexity of syllable structure; rather the occurrence of complex syllable structure and lower tonal complexity are associated.


7.4 Summary and Discussion of Results
1. in the first three comparison syllable structure is compared with the segment inventory variables
2. Two measures of vowel inventory shows a systematic relationship with syllable complexity.
3. Posthoc comparisons show that only the comparison between none and complex reaches significance
4. The final comparison is between the two categories variables reflecting complexity of syllable structure and tone system

Part II.---Chapter 6

Part II. Phonological Universals

6. Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production / Didier Demolin

6.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals
2. Methods of experimentation
3. Observing the relation between (f0) and (Ps) Understanding universals
4. New results on the relationship between Ps and f0 in vowels, consonants, sentences

6.2 PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS
1. What are phonological universals
2. Concepts of regulation and control
3. Regulation
4. Homeostatic
5. epigenetic
6. Control
7. Articulatory control

6.3 Experimental methodology in phonology
1. Role of paradigms to explain phonological phenomena
2. Base of explanation
3. Value of experiments
4. Experimental observations
5. The feature HSAP has no empirical support

6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena
6.4.1 Overview
1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.
2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0

6.4.2 Experimental procedure
1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation
2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method

6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0
6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels
Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels
Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity

6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills
Result:
1. male subject: used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant
2. female subject:tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations

6.4.3.3 sentences
1. Research goal: to investigate the relationship between f0 and Ps
2. Research subjects: two males
3. Research method: sentences reading with no instructions about speed and loudness.
4. Sentence types: declarative, statements, yes-no questions, sentence with complete or incomplete information.
5. Research findings: it was never possible to establish a clear correlation between f0 and Ps.

6.4.3.4 the effects of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
1. Research goal: to investigate the effect of changes in intensity and Ps on the f0 of sentences.
2. Research subjects: VL♀ and DD♂
3. Research method: produce 14 sentences at 3 level of intensity with no other instructions.
4. Research findings:f0 declination does not entirely correspond to declining Ps
5. Ps and Intensity seemto be correlated.

6.5~6.6 Discussion and conclusion
The relation between Ps & F0Experimental data showsPs & F0 are not well correlatedChanges of the glottis and of the vocal tractControl of Ps & F0By Laryngeal musculatureHigh level of Ps, f0 is elevatedRequirementProduce trills depend on the aerodynamic conditionsNecessityBuilding physiological models for consonants and for intonationStudies like, LiebermanLadeforgedCollierMaedaStrik and Boves

Chapter 6 --- 6.4~6.4.3.2

6.4 Control and regulation of PS and F0 in phonological phenomena

6.4.1 Overview

1. Various studies about Ps and f0 are overviewed in this part.

2. The main study in this chapter was disigned to revisit some issues concerning:
- the relation between Ps, f0, and intensity;
- changes in Ps related to teh production of segments, particularly trills;
- the effect of changes in Ps and intensity on f0


6.4.2 Experimental procedure

1. Experimental units:
- O.R.L unit of the Hospital Erasme of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- Physiologia workstation

2. Measurement:
- intraoral pressure was measured by a small plastic tube that was inserted through the nasal cavity into the oropharynx
- Ps was measured with a needle inserted in the trachea (the needle was placed after local anaesthesia with 2 % Xylocaine was administered)
- Pitch was computed by the COMB method


6.4.3 Experimetns on Ps, intensity , and the control of f0

6.4.3.1 Sustained vowels

Result 1:
- Speakers were able to control f0 independently of Ps and intensity during the production of sustained vowels

Result 2:
- for a certain pitch level, the relationship between Ps and intensity varies across vowerls, suggesting that there might be a relative intrinsic intensity corresponding to each vowel and that there is a clear correlation between Ps and intensity


6.4.3.2 Consonants: Ps and trills

Result:
1. male subject
- used the voiced uvular trill [R] frequently and the voiced uvular fricative as the main variant

2. female subject
- tended to usethe voiceless fricative [x] as the main variant with some voiced fricative realizations

Chapter 9---9.2.2~9.2.2.3

9.2.2 Testing perception of co-variation

Hypothese 1:
- listeners formulate equivalence categories in which the two sites of a lowered velum, N and V(nasal), are perceptually equivalent

Hypothese 2:
the range of variants of V(nasal) and N that listeners treat as perceptually equivaletn will differ depending on the voicing of the coda consonant


9.2.2.1 Methodological approach

1. co-varying acoustic properties
- trading with each other is taken as evidence of th ecoherence among parts of the acoustic signal that belong together

2. wavefrom-edeiting techniques
(bed, bend, bet, bent)
-three groups of pairs
a. N-only pair: /n/ duration was the only difference between pair members
b. cooperating paris: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had less vowel nasalization than did the stimulus with the longer /n/
c. conflicting pairs: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had more vowel nasalization than did the on with hte longer /n/


9.2.2.2 predictions

1. conflicting pairs, despite large acoustic differences between pair members, should be difficult to dscriminate--possibly more difficult than the acoustically less distinct N-only pairs

2. cooperating pairs, whose member have large acoustic differences and alrge differences in total nasalization, should be correctly judged as different

3. the expected influence of coda voicing is that the perceptual judgments of listeners will broadly reflect the distribution of V(nasal)N measures found for th eproduction of VNC(voiced) and VNC(voiceless) words, such that vowerl nasalization will have a greater influence on judgments in the voiceless than in the voiced context.


9.2.2.3 Results

(expected)
1. discrimination was most accurate for coopearating pairs, whose members differd substantially in total nasalization across the V(nasal)N sequence

(unexpected)
2. listeners also showed the expected greater sensitvity to vowel nasalization in the [t] than in athe [d] context

3. listeners who consistently discriminated the conflicting trials more poorly tha n the acoustically less distinfct N-only trials, and listeners whose overall accuracy on conflincting trials was similar to that on cooperating trials.

4. nasa murmurs are more likely to be detected when followed by silence (the voiceless closure) than when followed by glottal pulsing (the voiced closure)

5. Diffierent listeners have diffierent levels of respondence to the simuli

Chapter14---14.3.3.2~14.5

14.3.3.2 Prosodic effects on iceberg invariance

1. syllable magnitude (excursion)
- In order to remove this prosodic effect on movement speed, we need to measure the excursion as reflection of syllable magnigude.
- The effect of increased syllable magnitude may be observed mainly by the shift in time of the elemental gesture, away from the syllable center, without affecting the speed.

2. following boundary magnitude
- This effect is interpretable in a simple way if the effect of phrase-final lengthening due to the boundary is simply adjustment of the time scale toward the end of the phrase and the excursion magnitude is significantly affected by boundary magnitude only due to coarticulartory undershooting.



14.3.3.3 Segmentation for syllable duration and articulatory gap measurement

1. preformed by the program "ubedit"
- ubedit displays the articulatory trackings from the x-ray microbeam data and aligns them with the corespoding waveform and spectrogram.


14.4 Results
14.4.1 Relation of speed with articulatory syllable duration

1. scatterplots of the speed vs. articulatory ayllable duration in initial and final demisyllables
- The speed of the lower lip movement at the ice berg threshold was considered separately for the initial and final demisyllables in the word "five".
- slower speed for emphasized syllables in phrase-final position
- the latter syllables seem to have a relatively small syllable magnitude while being affected by final leanthening.


14.4.2 Relation of speed with aritculatory gap duration

1. The scatterplots indicate a weak negetive correlation of threshold crossing speed and gap duraion, showing longer gaps after all final digits.


14.4.3 Correlations of excursion, syllable duration, and boundary strength with speed

1. high percentages
- are accounted for by its linear relationship with the predictor variables in this syllable position.

2. lower percentages
- are accounted for by the same linear combination of predictors in fianl demisyllables

3. excusion in the present data appears to be the greater contributor to the prediction of speed for all speakers


14.5 Discussion

1. The results show evidence for speaker-specific treatment of the prosodic parameters of syllable duraion and boundary strength, in relation to implemetation of the velocity patterns of crucial articulator movements, both in initical and fianl demisyllables.

2. The clear relation between speed and excursion, shown by the cosistent significant influence of excursion on velocity of the movement at iceberg threshold crossing.

3. Overall prosodic rhythmic structure of the utterance has to be taken into account in predictin duraion, timing, and excursion of consonantal gestreus within the syllable.

4. Excursion reflects strong nonlinear effects of the speech-singal generating mechanism such as xonsonantal gesture saturation, while syllable duraiotn is less affected by such peripheral effects.

Chapter 19---19.3 Some Experimetal Paradigms

19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean

19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean

1. Forced-chioce version of the word-blending task:
- English speakers: perferred onset-rime blends
(e.g. SIEVE + FUZZ = SUZZ)
- Korean speakers: perferred body-coda blends
(e.g. THONG + SEM = THOM)

2. Oral unit reduplication exercise:
- English speakers: were better at the rime-copying task
(Task #1: SAN-AN)
- Korean speakers: were better at the body-copying task
(Task #2: SA-SAN)


19.3.2 Global sound-similarity judgments in English and Korean

1. Global sound similarity judgments (SSJs):
- Korean speakers: a shared initial CV that enhanced judged sound similarity ratings, while a shared fianl rime contributed no more to the similarity scores than a shared intial and final cosonant.
- English speakers: the opposite to Korean speakers


19.3.3 Concept formation in Korean

1. Formation concept:
- Korean speakers: a set of disyllabic words containing the common body sequence KA- as part of either syllable (KANG.CO / SIM.KAK) were significantly easier to identify a s a class than a set containing the common rime sequence -AK in either syllable (CAK.SIM / SIM.KAK).
- English speakers: have not been tested yet

19.3.4 A new list-recall task for non-literate participants:

1.List recall task:
- English participants: both readers and non-readers, were able to remember more names from the rime-sharing lists than from the body-sharing ones.
- Korean participants: the readers and ono-readers performed in much the same way as English parcitipants.

Attribute Value Phonology

Related Attribute Value Phonology articles

1. Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird, John Coleman, Janet Pierrehumbert, James Scobbie

2. Key Aspects of Declarative Phonology
By Steven Bird / University of Edinburgh
By John Coleman / University of Oxford
By James Scobbie / Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh

3. On two types of underspecification: Towards a feature theory shared by syntax and phonology
By Johan Rooryck

Partical Phonology

Related Partical Phonology articles

1. Government Phonology

2. On the Structure of /IU/ and /UI/ in sixian Hakka
By Hui-chuan Hsu- National Chial-Tung University

3. Phonology and syntax: a shifting relationship
By Ricardo Bermudez-Otero / University of Newcastle, UK
By Patrick Honeybone / University of Edinbugh

Questions and sub-questions in phonology (overlappings)

3. Why do we have different dialects and languages?
A. How and why does pronunciation change over time?
a. How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages?
b. Why do we have different forms of the same word or morpheme in different contexts?
B. Why do we have accents since we have the same articulatory organs?


7. How is sound associate with meanings?


8. How did language and speech arise or evolve in our species?
A. Why is the vocal apparatus different as a function of the age and sex of the speaker?
B. What is the relation, if any, between human speech and non-human communication?
a. Is it possible to communicate with animals if we knew their sound meanings?

Important questions in phonology for me

Q1: What is phonology?

Q2: How do sounds relate to meanings?

Q3: Why do people have accents since we have the same articulatory organs?

Q4: Is it possible to communicate with animals if we knew their sound meanings?

Q5: How do phonologists contribute to human civilization?

Q6: What are the current and latest phonological studies in the world?

Q7: What are the methods that we can use in doing phonological research?

Q8: What is the whole picture of phonology history?


Overlappings between my questions and the questions in the textbook: 3 (Q. 2,3,4)

Grounded Phonology

Related Grounded Phonology Articles:

1. Grounded Phonology
Diana Archangeli and Douglas Pulleyblank

2. Chinese Affixal Phonology: some Analytical and Theoretical Issues
Yen-Hwei Lin. Michigan State University.

3. Remarks and Replies: The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic.
Janet C. E. Watson

4. A Formal Functional Model of Tone
James Myers and Jane Tsay. National Chung Cheng University

5. A grounded account of voicing in obstruent clusters
Wouter Jansen – NWO/University of Groningen

6. Functional grounding inside the phonology: Evidence from positional augmentation
Jennifer L. Smith. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA

7. FORMALLY-GROUNDED PHONOLOGY
FROM CONSTRAINT-BASED THEORIES TO THEORY-BASED CONSTRAINTS*
Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho. Université René Descartes - Paris V

8. Natural and Unnatural Sound Patterns: A Pocket Field Guide
Juliette Blevins. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

9. An OT Account of Laryngealization in Cuzco Quechua
Steve Parker

10. Constraint Conjunction versus Grounded Constraint Subhierarchies in Optimality Theory
Jaye Padgett - University of California, Santa Cruz (Version July 29, 2002)

11. Embedded Structure and the Evolution of Phonology
J.C. Brown & Chris Golston.
University of British Columbia & California State University, Fresno

12. Perception of fricatives by Dutch and English speakers
Keith Johnson and Molly Babel. University of California, Berkeley
Jaye Padgett - University of California, Santa Cruz (Version July 29, 2002)

Sign Language Phonology

Related sign language phonology articles:

• Works with keyword "American Sign Language (ASL)

• Links to Sites About Sign Language

1. Sign Language Phonology.
Wendy Sandler. The University of Haifa.

2. Research on Sign Language of the Netherlands
Department of Linguistics, Radboud University Nijmegen

3. Taiwan Sign Language Research: A Historical Overview
Wayne H. Smith. Learning unlimited Language School

4. The first signs of language: phonological development in British Sign
Language
Gary Morgan, Sarah Barrett-Jones & Helen Stoneham. City University, London

5. SIGN LANGUAGE TUTORING TOOL
Oya Aran, Cem Keskin, Lale Akarun. Department of Computer Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek

6. Phonological priming in British Sign Language
Matthew W. G. Dye and Shui-I Shih

7. Paving theWay to Sign Language Processing
Antˆonio Carlos da Rocha Costa and Grac¸aliz Pereira Dimuro
Escola de Inform´atica, Universidade Cat´olica de Pelotas

8. Sign Synthesis and Sign Phonology
Angus B. Grieve-Smith. Linguistics Department. University of New Mexico

9. Biology and behaviour: insights from the acquisition of sign language
Gary Morgan. Language and Communication Science. City University London.

10. SIGN LANGUAGE

11. Irish Sign Language

12. Framework for Instruction in American Sign Language
Virginia's Public Schools

Chpater 2---2.2 outline of “Tholantlang Lai Tonology”

2. Elicitation as Experimental Phonology

– Thlantlang Lai Tonology

2.2 outline of “Tholantlang Lai Tonology”

I. The data from Thlantlang dialect of Lai in Chin State, Burma.

- A monosyllabic language

- Falling tone (F), Rising tone (R), F/R tone

II. An alternation in Thlantlang dialect of Lai

- Falling tone becomes rising tone after ká (my)

- Find out the underlying forms:

a. F/R words are underlying /H/

H to HL / __ pause

b. R words are underlying /L/

L to LH / __ pause

- Contour tones:

a. All non-final tones must be either H or L

b. All final tones must be either falling or rising

c. Lag-IO(L): An input L should extend onto the following syllable

d. JUMP (UP): L tone cannot jumps to H tone

III. Question raised

- Why is /H/ realized LH after ká =my?

a. originally designated as F/R

b. H nouns are pronounced with any of surface tones.

c. Historical aspect: /H/ nouns have a /LH/ allomorph after pronominal proclitics.

John Ohala

John Ohala (1941~ )

1. John Ohala is a Professor Emeritus in linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley.
2. He specializes in phonetics and phonology.
3. He received his PhD in Linguistics in 1969 from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); his graduate advisor was Peter Ladefoged.


參考資料: wikipedia
相關連結: John Ohala

Outline of chapter one (Methods in Phonology)

1.1 Intorduciton
- This book focuses on methodology, rather than exclusively on particular theories or questions is motivated by the all-important role that methodology has in determing the scientific rigor and maturity of a discipline.

1.2 Questions, Answers, Method
- the questions it asks
- the answers given to the questions, that is, hypotheses or theories
- the methods used to marshal evidence in support of the theories

Outline of Preface

1. The two central facets of experimental approaches:

- First facet
Experimental methods are foundational to testing hypotheses concerning speakers’ and listeners’ knowledge of their native sound systems, the acquisition of those systems, and the laws that govern sound systems.

- Second facet
It is on the phonological findings that emerge from the use of experimental techniques and their theoretical implications.

2. The factors of the change of new experimental techniques

2.1 Diverse questions need multifaceted methods to test.

2.2 Technologies relevant to phonological inquiry continue to evolve.

2.3 Growing recognition with biological, social or cognitive framework

2.4 To form principles for modeling

3. Major phonological issues in the book:

3.1 explaining ohonological universals

3.2 understanding the phonetic factors that may give rise to phonological change

3.3 maintaining, enhancing, and modeling phonological contrast

3.4 assessing phonological knowledge

4. The phonological issues organized in the book:

4.1. explaining phonological universals

- Part I: Theory and Background

- Ohala, Hyman, Hohnson, Kohler, Vaissiere

- Part II: Phonological Universals

- Demolin, Maddieson, Schwartz, Boe, Abry

4.2 understanding the phonetic factors that may give rise to phonological change

- Part III: Phonetic Variation and Phonological Change

- Beddor, Brasher, Narayan, Blevins, Busa, Engstrand, Frid, Lindblom, Basboll

4.3 maintaining, enhancing, and modeling phonological contrast

- Part IV: Maintainging, Enhancing, and Modeling Phonological contrasts

- Bonaventura, Fujimura, Fujisaki, Gu, Ohno, M. Nearey, Assmann, Roengpitya, Sole

4.4 assessing phonological knowledge

- Part V: Phonotactic and Phonological Knowledge

- Derwing, Nooteboom, Quene, Ohala, Pysha, Inkelas, Sprouse, Shin